What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects both children and adults. It is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning.
What does ADHD look like?
ADHD can present in three main forms:
- Inattentive presentation: Individuals with this type of ADHD often struggle with maintaining focus, following through on tasks, and staying organised. They may appear forgetful or distracted, making it challenging to complete schoolwork, work assignments, or daily tasks.
- Hyperactive-impulsive presentation: People with this form of ADHD tend to be restless, constantly on the go, and may find it difficult to sit still or wait their turn. Impulsivity can lead to making hasty decisions without considering consequences.
- Combined presentation: This is the most common form, where individuals exhibit symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Myths vs. Facts About ADHD
Myth 1: ADHD is just a lack of discipline.
Fact: ADHD is a complex neurobiological condition. It’s not about poor parenting or laziness; it’s a legitimate disorder that affects brain function and behaviour.
Myth 2: ADHD can be “outgrown” as you get older.
Fact: ADHD is lifelong and persists into adulthood. Symptoms can look different in adults, often manifesting as difficulties with organisation, time management, and maintaining focus at work.
Myth 3: People with ADHD can’t focus on anything.
Fact: Individuals with ADHD may struggle to focus on tasks that are uninteresting to them, but they can hyperfocus on activities they find engaging, sometimes to the point of losing track of time.
How is ADHD treated?
Treatment for ADHD can include:
Medications: Stimulants (e.g., Dextroamphetamine, Ritalin) are commonly prescribed and are highly effective for many individuals in managing symptoms. Non-stimulant medications, like atomoxetine, may also be used for those who don’t respond well to stimulants. Medications are not a permanent solution, but instead, help to improve concentration and reduce impulsivity. Furthermore, some medications may not be required daily – for instance, they can be taken just on school days, to reduce symptoms and help with learning.
Therapy: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help individuals learn about their symptoms, develop adaptive coping strategies, improve organisational skills, and manage impulsive behaviours. Social skills training can also be incorporated into CBT to teach children how to navigate social interactions through role-play, focusing on how their behaviour impacts others.
Training for parents: Parent training and education programs for ADHD can help parents learn effective strategies for managing their child’s attention and behaviour.
Lifestyle modifications: Establishing routines, using organisational tools (e.g. calendars and to-do-lists), eating and sleeping well, and incorporating movement in your day can help manage symptoms.
Summary
ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Despite common myths, ADHD is not caused by poor discipline or parenting, and it can persist into adulthood, often affecting work, relationships, and daily tasks. With the right support, individuals with ADHD can manage symptoms and thrive in various aspects of life.
Written By:
Harbir Kaur
Provisional Psychologist
References:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/treatment/
